ないで

ないで is the normal spoken way to say "without doing." ことなく is written only, and covers the whole sentence's outcome.

てはいけない states the rule bluntly. ないで(ください) turns the same stop into a request, which strangers actually hear.

ないで dominates casual conversation. ずに instead is the written choice, though it appears in fixed phrases too (知しらずに).

ないで cuts the side action out of the scene entirely. ながら instead runs it right alongside the main verb.

ないで describes how the main verb happened (食たべないで出でかけた, went out without eating). なくて instead gives a reason (食たべられなくて残念ざんねん).

ないで alone, mid-sentence, means "without doing." ないでください drops to bare ないで in casual speech.

ないで alone says the act did not happen (泣なかないで帰かえった). ないではいられない flips this, saying the crying happens after all.

ないで just means "without doing" (食たべないで出でかけた). ないといけない says the act has to happen.