N4 — outside your level filter
によって
によってni yotteN4neutral
by; by means of; due to; depending on
この橋は江戸時代の職人によって建てられた。
kono hashi wa edojidai no shokunin ni yotte taterareta.
This bridge was built by artisans of the Edo period. neutral
話し合いによって、ようやく問題が解決した。
hanashiai ni yotte, youyaku mondai ga kaiketsu shita.
The problem was finally resolved through discussion. neutral
Same meaning8
based on; in accordance with
- に応えてin response to; living up to N (an expectation, request, or hope)attaches at
- に基づいてbased on; grounded in N (a rule, fact, or piece of evidence)attaches at
- に応じてdepending on; in step with N (something that changes)attaches at
- に沿ってin line with; along N (a plan, guideline, or literal line)attaches at
- のもとでunder N — within the guidance, authority, supervision, or conditions of Nattaches at
- を基にon the basis of; using N as raw materialattaches at
- を頼りにrelying on N; using N as one's guide or supportattaches at
- 次第でdepending on; contingent onattaches at
All examples7
by — marks the agent of a passive action
この橋は江戸時代の職人によって建てられた。
kono hashi wa edojidai no shokunin ni yotte taterareta.
This bridge was built by artisans of the Edo period. neutral
新たな規則が委員会によって定められた。
arata na kisoku ga iinkai ni yotte sadamerareta.
New rules were established by the committee. formal
by means of; through — the method or channel something happens through
話し合いによって、ようやく問題が解決した。
hanashiai ni yotte, youyaku mondai ga kaiketsu shita.
The problem was finally resolved through discussion. neutral
depending on — varies with N, though によっては narrows it to just some cases
味の好みって人によって違うよね。
aji no konomitte hito ni yotte chigau yo ne.
Taste preferences really differ from person to person, huh. casual
保険料は年齢によって異なります。
hokenryou wa nenrei ni yotte kotonarimasu.
Insurance premiums vary depending on age. formal
天候によっては、出発が翌日になることもございます。
tenkou ni yotte wa, shuppatsu ga yokujitsu ni naru koto mo gozaimasu.
Depending on the weather, departure may be put back to the following day. formal
due to; because of — a formal, often written cause
台風によって、多くの家が被害を受けた。
taifuu ni yotte, ooku no ie ga higai o uketa.
Many houses suffered damage due to the typhoon. neutral
How it's formed1
All forms3
によりniyoriformal
より replaces よって in writing and legal text (法律により禁止されている). Never said in conversation.
によってはniyottehaalternant
adds は to pick out some cases, not all of them (場合によっては中止もありえます). It says this may happen, not that it happens every time.
によるniyoru＋名詞adnominal
sits right before the noun it describes (台風による停電, a blackout caused by the typhoon). によって cannot go there.