noun

〜はN5

topic marker — names what the sentence is about

〜がN5

subject marker — puts the new information on the noun it follows

〜のN5

の — hangs one noun off another, the first describing the second

〜をN5

object marker — what a verb acts on, crosses, or leaves

〜にN5

に — the point something sits at, moves to, or is handed to

〜でN5

で — where an action happens, and what it is done with

〜とN5

と — joins a list, marks who you're with, or closes a quote

〜もN5

too; also — adds its noun to what was already said

〜から作つくる〜で作つくるN4

made from; made out of — から transforms it, で leaves it visible

〜へN5

to; toward — points a movement at where it is headed

〜やN5

and — names a couple of nouns as samples

〜ではなくてN4

not… and; because (one) doesn't

〜をください

please give me

〜でN5

and; and then; by doing — joins one part to the next

〜のまえに〜前まえにN5

before doing / before N; in front of N

〜のあとでN5

after doing; after N; later

〜のときN5

when; at the time of

〜のさいにN3

upon doing; on the occasion of — a notable event or juncture

〜のたびにN2

every time; each time — a recurring correlation, not a single event

〜までN5

until; as far as — the far end of a stretch it covers

〜までにN5

by the time; no later than — a deadline the action can't miss

〜のうえでN3

after doing, on that basis — a chosen step that grounds what follows

〜のついでに

while you're at it; taking the opportunity to do; incidentally

〜とどうじに〜であるとどうじにN3

at the same time as; the instant that — or, while also being

〜以来いらいN2

ever since — the state that started then still holds now

〜のあげくにN2

after all that, in the end — a result the speaker resents

〜の末すえにN2

after much X, finally — where a long, hard effort ends up

〜にあたってN2

on the occasion of; in undertaking — a big step about to begin

〜にさいしてN2

at the time of; on the occasion of — for a big event

〜にさきだってN2

prior to; in advance of — a formal step before a big event

〜のおりにN2

on the occasion of; when the opportunity arises — warmer than 際に

〜のあいだN5

the whole time that; throughout — fills the whole stretch, start to finish

〜のあいだにN4

while; during — at some point within an interval

〜のうちにN3

while the chance lasts; before the situation changes

〜のとちゅうでN4

partway through; on the way — broken into before it was finished

〜のままN3

leaving it as is; still in the state of

〜のさいちゅうにN2

right in the middle of — striking an activity at its peak

〜ごろN5

around; about (a point in time)

〜だったらN5

if; when; once — after the condition completes

〜だとN5

whenever; when — one thing automatically brings the next

〜ならN4

if (that's the case); as for — picks up what was just said

〜でもN5

even if; even though; no matter

〜でよかったN4

I'm glad I did; it turned out well that…

〜だとしたらN3

supposing that; if we assume — a hypothesis set up for argument's sake

〜であればあるほどN4

the more you do X, the more Y — two things rising together

〜だといいN4

I hope; it'd be good to — a wish, or a light suggestion

〜の場合ばあいN4

in the case that; if — a scenario named as a condition

〜であるかぎりN3

as long as; unless — marks the outer edge of what stays true

〜しかけるN2

come close to doing; start doing but stop partway

〜をあげるN5

give and receive — the verb depends on which way the thing travels

〜がほしいN5

want (a thing)

〜のつもりだN5

intend to; plan to

〜のよていだN4

be scheduled to; plan to

〜ができるN4

can do; be good at — an ability, or something coming into being

〜だからN5

because; so — the speaker's own reason

〜なのでN5

because; since — reason as circumstance

〜なのにN4

even though; despite; and yet

〜だけどN5

but; though — the everyday spoken way to say but

〜だがN5

but; and — a difference stated, or a soft preamble

〜だしN4

and what's more — listing reasons

〜のせいでN3

because of; on account of — blaming an unwanted result on N

〜のおかげでN4

thanks to; because of N — crediting a welcome result to N

〜のくせにN2

even though; and yet — a jab at someone who should know better

〜でありながらもN2

though; even while — a restrained, one-person concession

〜である一方いっぽうでN3

while; on the other hand — two sides of the same thing

〜にしてもN2

even granting; even if it's the case that — one case among several

〜と言いっても〜だと言いってもN3

having said that; though I say X — walks back a claim made

〜だとしてもN3

even supposing; even if we take it that — concedes a set-up hypothesis

〜の代かわりにN2

instead of N — stands in for another, or makes up for it

〜だからこそN2

precisely because — this reason and no other made it happen

〜のことだからN2

knowing X as we do — a prediction from someone's known character

〜なものだからN2

because — offered as an excuse the speaker could not help

〜だものN2

'cause; but I — a reason fired back at the listener

〜のせいかN2

perhaps because; maybe it's because — the cause offered only as a guess

〜だからといってN2

just because X, that doesn't mean Y — the conclusion is refused

〜だけにN2

all the more so; given how much X — bigger reason, bigger result

〜だけあってN2

as one would expect; no wonder — the reason explains the good result

〜だけのことはあるN2

no wonder; that explains it — X lives up to what's expected

〜である以上いじょうはN3

now that; given that — a fact already true commits the speaker

〜であるからにはN2

since; now that — once this is true, a firm duty follows

〜にほかならないN2

is nothing other than; is precisely — no other explanation fits

〜である反面はんめんN2

on the other side of it — one thing, two opposite sides

〜であるもののN2

although — the fact stands, and it changes nothing that follows

〜とはいえN2

that said; granted — the point is conceded, then turned against

〜なのも当然とうぜんだ

it's only natural that; no wonder — the reason given makes it unsurprising

〜であることにはならない

doesn't amount to — the fact stands, but its conclusion doesn't follow

〜のためにN4

in order to; for the sake of; because of

〜向むけN2

aimed at N; designed for N (built with that audience in mind)

〜に向むいている

is suited to N; is cut out for N

〜向むきN3

suited to N; well-suited for N (a natural fit, not by design)

〜でしょうN5

probably; I suppose; right?

〜だろうN5

probably; I suppose (plain style)

〜かもしれないN4

might; may possibly

たぶん〜だN5

probably; I think — a guess, offered with room to be wrong

きっと〜だN5

surely; I'm sure — the speaker's confidence in an outcome not yet known

もしかしたら〜かもしれないN4

it may just be that; there's a chance — a long shot

〜のはずだN4

should; ought to; is supposed to

〜のはずがないN2

there's no way that; cannot possibly

〜のようだN4

it seems; it appears; like

〜みたいだN4

seems like; looks like; like

〜らしいN3

apparently; I gather; typical of

〜だと思おもうN5

I think that; in my opinion

〜かなN5

I wonder; maybe (wondering aloud)

〜に違ちがいないN3

must be; surely is (a confident conclusion)

〜のような気きがするN3

I have a feeling that; it seems to me that

〜によるとN4

according to; based on (a named source)

〜なわけだN2

so that means; that's why; no wonder

〜なわけがない〜であるわけがないN3

there's no way that; it's impossible that

〜なわけではないN3

it's not that; doesn't necessarily mean that

〜だとは限かぎらないN2

not necessarily; not always the case

〜に決きまっているN2

of course it is; is bound to be — treated as beyond argument

〜に相違そういないN2

beyond doubt; there is no doubt that (written, formal)

〜であるかのようだN3

as if; just as though — a likeness you already know isn't true

〜のおそれがあるN2

there is a danger that; is at risk of (something unwelcome)

〜というものだN2

that's what you call X; that is simply what it amounts to

〜だというものではないN2

it isn't simply that; that's not how it works

〜とかでN2

apparently; something about — a reason heard second-hand and not pinned down

〜なのではないかN3

isn't it that…? — a guess offered as a question, not a claim

〜よりN5

than; compared to

〜と同おなじN3

the same as — exactly matches what と names

〜のようにN4

like; the way — a comparison to something the speaker names

〜みたいにN4

like; as if — a spoken way to compare two things

いちばん〜N5

the most; number one

〜ほどではないN3

not as … as

〜だけN5

only; just

〜ばかりN2

nothing but; only ever

〜くらいN5

about; to the extent that

〜だけでなくN3

not only ... (but also)

〜ばかりでなくN2

not only ... (but also)

〜はもちろんN2

N goes without saying — and something less obvious holds as well

〜さえN2

even N (weaker cases hold too)

〜さえあれば〜さえいればN2

if only ...; all it takes is ...

〜のわりにN2

considering ...; more/less than expected given ...

〜というよりN2

rather than saying ...; more like ...

〜以上いじょうにN3

more than; even more than — passes the level it's measured against

〜のあまりにあまりの〜にN2

so much so that — an extreme degree causes what follows

〜のかいがあるN2

worth the effort of; the effort paid off

〜なのN4

の — turns a verb, or everything up to it, into a noun

〜であることN5

こと — turns a verb or a whole action into a noun

〜の仕方しかたN5

how to do — the way of doing something, named as a thing

〜だというN4

called; named; the fact that

〜だと言いっていたN5

(someone) said that — relaying words a named person actually spoke

〜だと言いわれる

I was told to; I was told that — the aimed-at person's words

〜だと伝つたえていただけませんかN4

could you pass on that — asking the listener to carry a message

〜かどうかN4

whether or not

〜かN4

a tucked-in question — who/what/where inside a bigger sentence

〜なんですN5

it's that…; you see — marks the sentence as an explanation

〜だということN3

the fact that; that means; I hear that — makes it a noun

〜というのはN2

what X means is; as for X — explains a word or claim

〜のことN5

about N — widens a noun to the whole matter, or whole person

〜だと聞きいている

I hear that; I've been told that — the report reached you

〜といえばN2

speaking of; that reminds me — N launches a topic by association

〜的てきN3

-like; -ish; relating to — recasts an abstract noun as a quality

〜などN4

and so on; such as — a sample list, not the whole set

〜とか〜だとかN4

things like; or something — spoken listing that leaves the list open

〜だと考かんがえられる

it can reasonably be concluded that; is to be regarded as

〜になるN5

become; turn into

〜にするN4

decide on; go with (a choice) — or make something a certain way

〜はどうですかN5

how is …?; how about …? — puts a noun up for judgment

〜が見みえる〜が聞きこえるN4

is visible; is audible — nobody has to look or listen for it

ご〜になるN4

honorific — an esteemed person does

ご〜するN4

humble — the speaker does for an esteemed person

ご〜願ねがいます

kindly do — a distanced, institutional request (announcements, business writing)

ご〜くださいN4

please do (honorific request)

ご〜いただくN4

humbly receive the favor of someone doing; have them do

〜でしてN4

and; so — links one polite sentence to the next, formally

〜でございますN5

the polite "is" — one step above です, also "there is"

〜でいらっしゃるN3

honorific "is" — です raised to honor the person it describes

〜がするN4

there is a sound, a smell, a sensation — with nobody producing it

〜に見みえる〜に聞きこえる

looks; sounds — how a thing strikes the eye or ear

〜っぽいN3

-ish; has a whiff of

〜がちN2

prone to; tends to (usually a negative pattern)

〜だらけだN3

covered in; full of (negatively)

〜ぎみN2

a bit; slight degree of a (usually unwelcome) tendency

〜のふりをするN2

pretend to; act as if

〜ぶる

put on airs of; act like — a quality that isn't really there

〜の中なかをN3

amid — a formal opener naming a state you carry on through

〜についてN5

about; regarding; concerning

〜に対たいして〜なのに対たいしてN3

toward; against; in response to N — also sets N against something else

〜によってN4

by; by means of; due to; depending on

〜にとってN3

for; from the standpoint of N

〜に関かんしてN2

about; regarding; concerning (formal, written)

〜としてN3

as; in the capacity of N

〜とともにN3

together with N; along with N — or: matching change in both

〜に比くらべてN4

compared to N; in comparison with N

〜においてN3

in; at; in the context of N (formal, written)

〜につれてN2

as N progresses, so does the other; in proportion to N

〜どころかN3

far from; not just X but even Y

〜どころではないN2

this is no time for; nowhere near just X

〜にすぎないN2

is no more than; merely

〜でしかないN3

is nothing but; amounts to no more than

〜のみN3

only; nothing but (written)

〜のみならずN2

not only ... but also (written)

〜ばかりかN2

not only ... but even

〜はもとよりN2

let alone; to say nothing of

〜に限かぎらずN3

not just X — reaches past X, usually with a second も item

〜にかぎってN2

of all times/people — ironic bad luck, or a total denial

〜にかぎるN3

nothing beats X; the best thing to do is X

〜にこしたことはないN2

nothing is better than X; the more/better X, the better

〜以外いがいN3

other than; except for

〜を除のぞいて

with the exception of; excluding

〜抜ぬきでN3

without X; leaving X out

その〜この〜あの〜そんな〜こんな〜あんな〜N5

それ・その — points back at what was said, or what one side alone knows

あまり〜がないあまり〜がいないN5

not much; not very — needs the sentence to end in a negative

〜だけでも

even just; at least — the smallest version of something, offered as enough

〜でもN5

even N; N or something — a surprising case, or a loose suggestion

〜にかかわらずN2

regardless of; irrespective of — the outcome stays the same, whatever X is

〜にもかかわらずN2

despite; in spite of — the expected result still didn't happen

〜をとわずN2

irrespective of; whatever the X — declared not a screening factor

〜もかまわずN2

heedless of; without caring about — someone brushes past something they should mind

〜にせよN2

even if; whether — grants a case in writing, and changes nothing

〜はともかくN2

leaving X aside; never mind X — X isn't the point, Y is

〜までしてN2

going so far as to — at a price judged too high

〜では〜なのではN2

if you (go on) doing that — and it will end badly

〜に基もとづいてN2

based on; grounded in N (a rule, fact, or piece of evidence)

〜を基もとにN2

on the basis of; using N as raw material

〜に応おうじてN3

depending on; in step with N (something that changes)

〜に沿そってN2

in line with; along N (a plan, guideline, or literal line)

〜に応こたえてN2

in response to; living up to N (an expectation, request, or hope)

〜に加くわえてN3

in addition to; on top of N

〜をめぐってN2

over; surrounding N (a dispute or contested issue)

〜を中心ちゅうしんにN2

centred on N; with N at the heart of it

〜をきっかけにN2

with N as the trigger; N is what sparked it

〜を契機けいきにN2

seizing N as the turning point; treating N as the occasion

〜に向むかってN3

toward; facing N — moving, aiming, or turned toward N

〜のもとでN2

under N — within the guidance, authority, supervision, or conditions of N

〜に伴ともなってN3

accompanying N; as N happens, so does the other

〜にわたってN3

spanning N; across the whole extent of N — fully covered

〜につきN3

owing to N; per N (formal, written)

〜次第しだいでN2

depending on; contingent on

〜にてN3

at; by; in — a formal, written stand-in for で

〜を頼たよりにN2

relying on N; using N as one's guide or support

〜から言いうとN2

speaking in terms of N — judged by that one measure

〜からするとN2

judging from N — the noun is the evidence or the viewpoint

〜にしたらN2

from N's side of it (N a person or animal)

〜にしてはN2

for a N; considering it is N — out of line with N

〜の上うえではN2

on paper; going by the record or the figures (and reality differs)

〜上じょうN2

in terms of N; as a matter of N — where it applies

〜にかけてはN2

when it comes to N — the one thing you're unbeatable at

〜だってN3

casual reason-opener ('cause, X); casual "even N"

〜でN4

in total; as a group of — bundles a quantity into one unit

〜ごとにN2

every; each time

〜どおりに〜どおりに〜どおりに〜どおりに〜のとおりに〜どおり〜どおり〜どおり〜どおりN4

just as; exactly like; in the way that

〜であるN3

is; are — the written word standing in for だ, in reports and essays

〜だけしかないN4

only that much and no more — だけ and しか together, for emphasis

〜ですN5

is; am; are — the ordinary polite form of "to be"

どうも〜らしいどうも〜のようだN4

somehow; I can't say why — an impression with no evidence to name

〜語ご

the language of — names the language spoken in a country

〜ほどつらいものはない

nothing is as … as X — denies that anything reaches the benchmark

いくら〜でもN5

no matter how much — no degree changes the outcome

〜員いんN2

a staff member of — named for the group or job

〜人じんN5

a person from — names someone's nationality off a country name

〜のかいもなくN2

for nothing, despite X — the effort never paid off

〜から

from — where a stretch of time, distance, or motion starts

〜かしらN3

I wonder — a musing question, coded as feminine speech

決けっして〜ではないN3

never; by no means — a flat denial, a promise or a verdict

〜だっけN3

was it …? — asks for something you once knew and have forgotten

〜こそN2

N and no other — picks its noun out above everything else

〜であることだろうN2

how very X it must be! — the written exclamation

〜であることからN2

from the fact that — states the evidence behind a conclusion or name

〜までN2

even N — the one thing you didn't expect to be included too

万一まんいちの〜N3

in the unlikely event — bad, unlikely, but planned for anyway

まるで〜のようだまるで〜みたいだまるで〜のようにN3

just like; as if — false, and before a negative, not at all

〜も同然どうぜんだN2

as good as; practically — treats something as equal to what's named

もし〜ならもし〜だったらもしも〜でもN5

if; supposing — marks what follows as only a guess

〜が / を / にN5

what — なに normally, なん before だ／です／の／でも and before a counter

〜なんかN3

N of all things — knocks the noun down a peg

〜だなんてN3

the very idea that … — holds up a sentence for judgment

〜だねN5

right?; isn't it — hands the sentence over for the listener to agree

〜に反はんしてN2

contrary to X — the outcome goes against what X expected

〜に関係かんけいなくN3

regardless of — the outcome stays the same, whatever N is

〜に代かわってN2

in place of N; on behalf of N — standing in for another

〜なのだから

since it is the case that — pushes a shared reason home

〜なのN5

it's that…; is it that…? — the plain-style explanatory ending

〜をはじめN2

starting with N — and other things right along with it

〜を通つうじてN2

throughout N; through N — a span of time or a go-between

おそらく〜だN2

in all likelihood — rates the odds instead of committing, in careful writing

〜様さまN4

the formal, respectful title above さん — customers, letters, and deities

〜さんN5

Mr; Ms — the ordinary, everyday title after a name or role

せっかくの〜

after all that trouble — the cost gets wasted or cashed in

〜者しゃN3

a person who does — names someone by the activity they specialize in

すでに〜だN2

already; by now — the change was complete before this moment

ただの〜だN2

merely; nothing but — no more than what it is, said on purpose

たとえ〜でもN2

even if; even supposing — the concession is announced as purely hypothetical

〜というかN2

or rather; I'd say — pick a better word than what you said

〜だと言いうN5

said — the plain quotative と marking exactly what was said, spoken or reported

〜だと言いわれている〜と言いわれている

it is said that — a reputation with nobody behind it

〜となるとN2

once it comes to X — a big change follows

〜とのことだN2

word is that; I am told — passed on from someone named

〜だと思おもわれるN3

seems to be — a distant, softened way to state an impression

〜とはいいながらN2

even though one says — grants a claim, then admits it fell short

〜はさておきN2

setting X aside — something more basic comes first

〜なわけでもないN2

it's not that either — often paired with a second denial

〜だよN5

I'm telling you — news for the listener