plain clause

普通形ふつうけい＋と（引用いんよう：明日あした行いくと言いいました・危あぶないと思おもう）命令形めいれいけい・禁止形きんしけい＋と（早はやく出だせと言いわれた・入はいるなと書かいてある）N5

と — joins a list, marks who you're with, or closes a quote

そして、clauseN5

and; and then — hangs a new sentence onto the one just finished

それから、clauseN5

and then; after that — the next step once the last one ends

それと、clauseN3

and also; plus — one more item, remembered after the first

受身うけみの動詞どうし＋ままに（言いわれるままに・勧すすめられるままに）N2

just as X directs; wherever it takes one — you add no judgment

でも、clauseN5

but; still — opens a sentence pushing back on the one before

だから、clauseN5

so; that's why — draws the consequence of what was just said

それで、clauseN4

and so; that's why — the result of what you just said

それに、clauseN4

besides; what's more — one more point pulling the same way

しかし、clauseN5

however; but — the written way to say it

じゃあ、clauseN5

well then; in that case — takes it as settled and moves on

なぜなら、plain clause + から（だ）N3

the reason is; because — opens a new sentence explaining the last one

ところで、plain clauseN4

by the way — shifts to a new, unrelated topic

ところが、plain clauseN4

however; to my surprise — an unexpected turn against what preceded

plain clause + ばかりにN2

all because — one small thing cost far more than it should

それでも、clauseN2

even so; and yet — accepts what was said but goes against it

そのかわり、clauseN2

instead; in exchange for that — the previous sentence gets traded

plain clause + というものだN2

that's what you call X; that is simply what it amounts to

〜するほど…ないN3

not as … as

plain clause + くらい（立たっていられないくらい）N5

about; to the extent that

plain clause + ほどN3

to the point of ...; to such an extent that ...

plain clause + ものがある（心こころを打うつものがある）N2

there is a real X about it — you can just feel it

plain clause + の（遅おくれたのが問題もんだいだ・行いかないのは変へんだ）N4

の — turns a verb, or everything up to it, into a noun

plain clause + こと（遅おくれたことを謝あやまる・無理むりをしないことが大切たいせつだ）N5

こと — turns a verb or a whole action into a noun

普通形ふつうけい＋のは＋名詞めいしだ（名詞めいし・な形容詞けいようしは〜なのは）N4

it is X that — one part is pulled to the end

命令めいれい形けい + と言いわれる（「静しずかにしろ」と言いわれた）

I was told to; I was told that — the aimed-at person's words

というのは、clause＋からだ（というのは、夏なつの雨あめが少すくなかったからだ）N2

what X means is; as for X — explains a word or claim

聞きいた言葉ことばをそのまま＋って（「教室きょうしつまで来きてください」って）助詞じょしで終おわる句く＋だって（漢字かんじのところまでだって）N4

I heard that; they say — casual spoken stand-in for という／とのことだ

plain clause + どころかN3

far from; not just X but even Y

だって、plain clause（＋もん／んだもん）N3

casual reason-opener ('cause, X); casual "even N"

または、clauseN3

or — either of the two listed options is acceptable

あるいは、clauseN3

or; alternatively — and, standing before a whole sentence, "possibly"

〜ば〜のに（もう少すこし安やすければ買かうのに）〜たら〜のに（もう少すこし早はやく出でていたら間まに合あったのに）

if only … — the good outcome an unmet condition would have produced

だが、clauseN2

but; and yet — the plain-style written "however"

だけど、clause

but; still — the spoken "but" at the head of a sentence

〜ことほど…ことはない

nothing is as … as X — denies that anything reaches the benchmark

一方いっぽう、clauseN3

meanwhile; on the other hand — turns to the other side

こうして、clauseN2

thus — sums up how everything led to this

なぜかというと、plain clause + から（だ）N2

the reason is — voices the listener's question, then answers it

さらに、clauseN2

furthermore; on top of that — the next step in the same direction

しかも、clauseN3

and what's more — an addition the speaker rates as going beyond expectation

したがって、clauseN3

therefore; accordingly — the conclusion that follows from what was just established

そこで、clauseN2

so; that's when — the move made in response

その結果けっか、clause

as a result — the outcome the process just described produced

そのため、clauseN2

for that reason — the earlier sentence names this one's cause

その上うえ、clauseN4

on top of that — a second fact, pulling the same way

そればかりでなく、plain clauseN2

not only that — adds a further point on top of the last

それにしても、clauseN2

even so; all the same — grants that, and reacts anyway

それにしては、clause

for that; considering that — measures the result, finding a mismatch

それに対たいして、clauseN2

on the other hand; in response to that — answering what came before

それも、clause

and at that — sharpens what was just said with one telling detail

それとも、clauseN2

or — puts a second alternative to the listener, between two questions

そういえば、clauseN3

that reminds me — something just came to mind out of nowhere

すると、clauseN3

and then; whereupon — what happened next, unbidden

ただし、clauseN3

provided that; note however — fences off a case not yet covered

つまり、clauseN3

in other words — says the same thing again, in sharper terms